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- “MALCOLM ([954]-Glamis Castle, Angus 25 Nov 1034, bur Isle of Iona). He is named "Malcolmum filium Cyneth regem Scottorum" in the Historia Regem. It is tempting to suggest that either he or his first cousin with the same first name spent time at the court of Edgar King of England during his youth, as "Malcolm dux" subscribed a charter of King Edgar relating to land in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk dated 970, but there is no proof of the co-identity of these persons. King of Strathclyde 990, deposed 995. Restored 997/1005. He succeeded in 1005 as MALCOLM II King of Scotland. He attacked northern England in 1006. King of Lothian from [1016], becoming effective ruler of the whole of Scotland. He submitted to Canute King of England in 1031, along with "two other kings, Mælbeth and Iehmarc". The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1034 of "Mael Coluim son of Cinaed, king of Scotland". The Annals of Tigernach record the death in 1034 of “Mael-Coluímb son of Cinaed king of Scotland”. m ---. The name of Malcolm's wife is not known. King Malcolm III & his wife had [four] children:
i) BETHOC . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Lady of Atholl. m ([1000]) CRINAN "the Thane" Mormaer of Atholl, son of DUNCAN Mormaer of Atholl & his wife --- (-killed in battle 1045). Abthane of Dule. Lay abbot of Dunkeld. Steward of the Western Isles. He was killed fighting King Macbeth.”
ii) DONADA . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. 1007. m as his second wife, FINDLAECH MacRory Thane of Angus Mormaer of Moray, son of RUAIDHRI Mormaer of Moray & his wife --- (-1020). The Annals of Ulster record the death in 1020 of "Finnlaech son of Ruadrí king of Alba…killed by his own people"[32]. Donada & her husband had one child:
(a) MACBETH ([1005]-killed in battle Lumphanan, Aberdeenshire 15 Aug 1057, bur Isle of Iona). The Annals of Tigernach names “Mac bethadh son of Findlaech overking of Scotland” when recording his death[33]. Mormaer of Moray [1029/32]. He may have been one of the "two other kings, Mælbeth and Iehmarc" recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has having submitted to Canute King of England in 1031 with King Malcolm II. He succeeded in 1040 as MACBETH King of Scotland. The Chronicon of Mariano Scotti records that "Donnchal rex Scotiæ" was killed "1040 XIX Kal Sep" by "duce suo Macbethad mac Finnloech" who succeeded as king for 17 years. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "comes Siward" invaded Scotland with a large army in 1046 and briefly expelled "rege Macbeod", the king recovering his realm when Siward withdrew. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that he was defeated in battle 27 Jul 1054 by the army of Siward Earl of Northumbria which had invaded Scotland. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Siwardus" put "Macbeth" to flight in 1054 and installed "Malcolmum rege" in the following year. The Chronicon of Mariano Scotti records that "Macfinlaeg" was killed "1057…in Augusto". The Annals of Tigernach record that “Mac bethadh son of Findlaech overking of Scotland” was killed by “Malcolm, son of Donnchad” in 1058. m (after 1032) as her second husband, GRUOCH, widow of GILLACOMGAIN Mormaer of Moray, daughter of BOITE [Bodhe] of Scotland & his wife --- ([1015]-). "Machbet filius Finlach…et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum" made grants to the church of St Serf, although the document also names "Malcolmus Rex filius Duncani" which casts doubt on its authenticity.”
“The first king to reign over an extent of land roughly corresponding to much of modern Scotland. Malcolm succeeded to the throne after killing his predecessor, Kenneth III, and allegedly secured his territory by defeating a Northumbrian army at the battle of Carham (c. 1016); he not only confirmed the Scottish hold over the land between the rivers Forth and Tweed but also secured Strathclyde about the same time. Eager to secure the royal succession for his daughter's son Duncan, he tried to eliminate possible rival claimants; but Macbeth, with royal connections to both Kenneth II and Kenneth III, survived to challenge the succession.
In 1006, Malcolm was defeated by Northumbrian forces at Durham. The English then became preoccupied with the Danish allowing Malcolm to march south, avenging the loss at Durham by winning the Battle of Carham against the Anglo-Saxons in 1018 and, thereby, regaining Lothian. Thirteen years later, however, Canute, king of England, Denmark, and Norway, travelled to Scotland. What happened is lost to time, but claims that Malcolm submitted to Canute seem very unlikely. However, Canute seems to have recognised Malcolm's possession of Lothian.
In the west, Malcolm made an alliance with King Owen the Bald of Strathclyde and together they defeated King Canute at the Battle of Carham in 1018. At the same time, the marriage of his daughter to Sigurd the Stout, Norse Earl of Orkney, extended Malcolm's influence to the far north. He battled to expand his kingdom, gaining land down to the River Tweed and in Strathclyde. When King Owen died without an heir, Malcolm claimed Strathclyde for his grandson, Duncan. This caused dissent throughout the kingdom of Strathclyde which resulted in Malcolm's murder at Glamis in 1034. He was buried on the Isle of Iona shortly after.
As the last of the House of Alpin, he did not have any sons to succeed him. He, therefore, arranged good marriages for his daughters. One daughter married Earl Sigurd of Orkney and their son Thorfinn brought the lands of Caithness and Sutherland under the control of the King of Alba. His elder daughter, Bethoc, married the Abbot of Dunkeld and their son became Duncan I(c.1010-1040), who succeeded Malcolm upon his death in 1034.
After Malcolm II's reign, Scottish succession changed to be based on the principle of direct descent. (Previously, succession was determined by tanistry - during a king's lifetime an heir was chosen and known as tanaiste rig - 'second to the king'.)”«s48», «s87»
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